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Bhumannavar, B. S.
- Classical Biological Control Initiatives for the Impending Invasive Pests of India
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1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (ICAR), H. A. Farm P.O. Hebbal, Bengaluru - 560 024, Karnataka, IN
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (ICAR), H. A. Farm P.O. Hebbal, Bengaluru - 560 024, Karnataka, IN
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Journal of Biological Control, Vol 26, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 7-30Abstract
Invasive insect pests, diseases and weeds caused extensive damage to several crops in India. Recent insect invasives include Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, Aceria guerreronis Keifer, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink and Leptocybe invasa Fisher and La Salle. Classical biological control through the introduction of parasitoids from the native range of the invasives have shown tremendous control of P. marginatus and L. invasa. An assessment was made on the possibilities of invasion by several insect pests and the weeds. The Madeira mealy bug, Phenacoccus madirensis Green; cassava mealy bug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr.; coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima Gestro; giant whitefly, Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell; tomato pinworm, Keiferia lycopersicella (Walshingham); eucalyptus leaf gall, Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead); Quince borer Coryphodema tristis Drury; sunflower maggot, Strauzia longipennis and light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana are to name a few, who pose threat to Indian agriculture. The classical biological control options available for the management of these pests are discussed in case of the invasions.Keywords
Classical Biological Control, Invasive Pests and Quarantine.References
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- Field Release and Impact of Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera:Tephritidae) on Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson
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1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560 024, Karnataka, IN
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 21, No 1 (2007), Pagination: 59-64Abstract
Field release of the gall fly, Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) introduced from Indonesia into India in 2002 was made on naturally growing C. odorata (L.) King and Robinson at two locations in Bangalore during July-October, 2005 using different field release methods. Following establishment, the gall fly was observed lo spread to a distance of one kilometer at GKVK and two kilometer at Tataguni village in northeastern direction by the end of second year after release. The gall numbers encountered by an individual in ten minutes, search steadily increased from 2.5 to 98.3 at GKVK and from 1.6 to 156 at Tataguni village. There was 11.61 and 16.72 per cent reduction in plant height. 30 and 60 days after oviposition in galled plants over control. There was significant reduction in number of branches per plant (35.62%), number of panicles per plant (45.43%), number of capitula per panicle (12.07%) and number of seeds per head (10.89%) in galled plants over control in individual oviposition method. In mass cage method, 40.84, 36.48 and 55.42 per cent reduction in plant height, 30, 60 and 120 days after oviposition in galled plants over control was recorded. There was significant reduction in number of branches per plant (65.56%), number of panicles per plant (48.44%) and number of capitula per panicle (58.98%) in galled plants over control.Keywords
Cecidochares connexa, Chromolaena odorata, Establishment, Field Release, Impact.- Host-Specificity and Biology of Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera:Tephritidae) Introduced into India for the Biological Suppression of Chromolaena odorata (Linnaeus) King&Robinson
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1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR), Post Bag no. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR), Post Bag no. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 18, No 2 (2004), Pagination: 111-120Abstract
Chromolaena odorata (Linnaeus) King and Robinson is a native or tropical America and has become a serious invasive weed in the wet/dry tropics of Western India. Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera:Tephritidae) was introduced from Indonesia into India in 2002 for the biological suppression or the weed. A pure culture of the tephritid was established on C. odorata and the biology studied. Eggs were laid inside unopened new leaf buds. The egg incubation period was 5.65±0.67 days. The gall was visible 15 days after oviposition and in 43.95±4.7 days, formation of windows could be seen indicating complete larval development. One to eight larvae were found in each gall. The total developmental period from egg to adult was 64.85±5.12 days. The adults emerged through the windows and peak emergence (70.4%) was at 1000 hours. Adults were active from 0800 to 1400 hours and mated on the day of emergence. Each female on an average laid 81.12±34.03 eggs and the oviposition period varied from 7 to 12 days. Host'specificity tests carried out under quarantine conditions on 7S host plant species belonging to 29 families revealed that the gall fly is capable of feeding and reproducing only on C. odorata.Keywords
Biology, Cecidochares collnexa, Chromolaena odorata, Host-Specificity Tests.- Rearing Techniques for Three Species of Othreis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their Ectoparasitoid, Euplectrus maternus Bhatnagar (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
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1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (lCAR) Post Bag No. 2491, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (lCAR) Post Bag No. 2491, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 15, No 2 (2001), Pagination: 189-192Abstract
A rearing technique for three species of fruit piercing moths, namely, Othreis materna (Linnaeus), O. fullonia (Clerck) and O. homaena Hubner and their ectoparasitoid, Euplectrus maternus has been described.Keywords
Ectoparasitoid, Euplectrus maternus, Othreis Spp. Rearing Method.- Seasonal Incidence and Extent of Parasitization of Fruit Piercing Moths of the Genus Othreis(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
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1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR) P. B. No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR) P. B. No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 15, No 1 (2001), Pagination: 31-38Abstract
Four egg and three larval parasitoids were recorded on Othreis spp. Mean per cent parasitization of eggs of Othreis by Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and Telenomus sp. during 1998 was 21.45±27.45 (range 0-80 %) and 6.57±11.56 (range 0-50 %) and during 1999 was 50.40±34.08 (range 0-100 %) and 4.93±8.99 (range 0-31.9 %), respectively. Parasitisation by egg parasitoids, Ooencyrius papilionis Ashmead and Anastatus sp., was negligible. In nature. Euplectrus indicus Ferriere parasitised the fifth instar larvae of O. materna whereas E. maternus Bhatnagar parasitised first to third instars of O. materna, O. fullonia and O. homaena. Mean per cent parasitization ofO. materna, O. fullonia and O. homaena larvae by E. maternus was 20.7±10.9 (range 0-30 per cent), 19.46±18.71 (range 0-50 per cent) and 1.66±3.33 (range 0-8.33 per cent), respectively in the field. In the laboratory, E. indicus parasitized fourth or fifth instar caterpillars of Othreis and laid 38-97 eggs on the dorsum in between posterior eye spots on the third abdominal segment of the host. The parasitoid paralysed the host before oviposition. Total development from egg to adult emergence took 15 -17 days. The tachinid, Winthemia sp. parasitized only the fifth instar of O. materna. Eggs were laid on the lateral side of prothorax. On hatching, the maggots directly entered the host body by cutting the skin just below the egg attachment. The maggot development continued until the host caterpillar pupated. Full grown larvae came out from the host pupa through a hole and pupated either in soil or in leaf debris. Both E. maternus and Winthemia sp. have the potential for the suppression of population of species of Othreis.Keywords
Euplectrus indicus, Fruit Piercing Moth, Othreis Telenomus Sp. Trichogramma chilonis, Winthemia.- Life Table of the Mexican Beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister on Parthenium and Sunflower
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1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, P. B. No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, P. B. No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 12, No 2 (1998), Pagination: 101-106Abstract
Life-table of the Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister feeding on parthenium leaves, parthenium leaves smeared with sunflower extract, sunflower leaves and sunflower leaves smeared with parthenium leaf extract have been constructed. The longevity and intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) varied with extract treated and their respective hosts. The intrinsic rate of natural increase did not change considerably when fed on parthenium leaves and parthenium leaves smeared with sunflower extract (rm=0.44). The beetles fed on sunflower leaves (rm=0.37) and sunflower leaves smeared with parthenium extract (rm=0.35) were also not very different. Shorter generation time was obtained when fed with parthenium and parthenium leaves smeared with sunflower extract.Keywords
Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase, Life Table, Parthenium hysterophorus, Sunflower, Zygogramma bicolorata.- Food Consumption and Utilization by the Mexican Beetle, Zygogramlna bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) on Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus
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1 Project Directorate of Biological Control P. B. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control P. B. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Biological Control, Vol 12, No 1 (1998), Pagination: 19-23Abstract
Quantitative food utilization indices were measured in different larval instars and physiological ages of adult Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister. Among the larval and adult stages of the beetle, third instar larvae and egg laying females ingested maximum food. Various growth parameters like relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR) and approximate digestibility (AD) were relatively higher in the first, third and fourth instar and egg laying females. Efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) were maximum in first, third and fourth instar larvae and decreasing trend was observed in second instar larvae. During preoviposition stage adult, these parameters increased tremendously in contrast to senescent stage.Keywords
Food Utilization, Mexican Beetle, Parthenium hysterophorus, Zygogramma bicolorata.- A Semi-Synthetic Larval Diet for Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae)
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Authors
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1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560024, IN
2 Biological Control, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560024, IN
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560024, IN
2 Biological Control, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560024, IN